Direct factors:
Parenting:
Authoritarian:
♥ Strict rules
♥ Harsh punishments when rules are broken
♥ Emotionally cold and unaffectionate
♥ High demands or expectations of child’s behaviour and achievement.
♥ Provide highly structured activities
♥ Restrict the way in which their children play
Effects on children:
♥ Lack of confidence
♥ Child has little or no choice
♥ These children tend to be fearful, moody, easily annoyed, sulky and hostile.
♥ Children may rebel against their parents
Democratic:
♥ Emotionally warm
♥ Involves child in decision making
♥ Give frequent guidance
♥ Punishes serious wrong doing
♥ Encourage self reliance
♥ Keen for their children to do well
Effects on children:
♥ Popular with other children
♥ High self esteem
♥ Self controlled, cheerful, cooperative and motivated to do well.
Permissive:
♥ no rules/guidelines
♥ Focus on the needs and particularly the happiness of the child.
♥ Positive with their children
Effects on children:
♥ High self esteem
♥ Hard to share
♥ Cooperate with other or conform
♥ Hard to manage behaviour
♥ Older children may have to take on the role of the parent and look after younger siblings
♥ Children don’t know their boundaries therefore may go over their boundaries like experiment with drugs or drink over the limits with alchoal.
Disease:
Affects child’s development depending on the seriousness of the disease/illness and duration.
Sickle cell and asthma can restrict physical activity which affects gross motor development because can reduce the amount of running a child can do as well not being able to take part in vigorous activities.
Children with Epilepsy feel drowsy therefore find it difficult to concentrate on activities and will lack energy needed.
Children who have disease will have weaker immune systems and are likely to get ill quicker therefore the absence will affect their achievement as they will miss out on vital stages.
Children with hearing impairment will be slower at learning language.
Find it hard to make friends because of the risk of infections and they would find it hard to make friends because they are not always in school.
Children may miss out being on independent if the child’s parent/s is/are overprotective.
Child may have low self esteem if they feel “different” to the other children as they can not do the same things as other children for example sitting out during swimming lessons.
Nutrition:
Malnourished children will not be able to reach their potential height and limit their achievement
Children who are malnourished may find it hard to concentrate.
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